Ocean Bottom Blizzards - The Nature of Benthic Storms
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A 7-page paper that defines the undersea disturbances known as benthic storms and examines the causes and effects of these disturbances. Included is a discussion of the components of the sediment existing in the benthic zone and how these components are suspended and transported by way of the undersea currents that create and push benthic storms. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: LCStorms.doc

Ocean Currents
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5 pages in length. The ocean waves that wash up to the shore in regular intervals do so because of currents that help move the water along its path. Without these currents, the sea would remain a stagnant body of water that could support no life. The writer outlines the concept of oceanic currents, as well as discusses their important duties with regard to all life on the planet. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Currents.wps

Ocean Currents and the Overlying Atmospheric Circulation System
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A 5 page discussion of the relationship between ocean currents and the overlying atmospheric circulation system. Both ocean circulation systems and atmospheric systems have definitive patterns which are comparable in their nature and both function in much the same way in regard to the manner which they move through the world. The author discusses the causes and effects of this interrelationship, noting important phenomena like hurricanes and the ability of the world’s currents to transport not only sedimentary material but man himself. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPoceanC.rtf

Oceanography
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A 5 page paper. Oceanography is the study of the earth's oceans. The different subfields are explained. Chemical oceanography is emphasized and discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGocean.wps

Overfishing, Sharks, and Biodiversity
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An 8 page overview of the impacts of overfishing on sharks and other species, some of which might not be immediately obvious as to their relation with the shark. Emphasizes that our oceans are fascinating testaments to the complexity and interrelationships of living organisms, that they are comprised of a number of interrelated components, each with its own ecological value. Details possible impacts to both open water diversity and coral reef biodiversity as a result of the overfishing of sharks. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPshark.wps

Pacific Palisades (Los Angeles County): Geographical Components
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7 pages in length. The writer discusses architecture, coastal pollution and mass transit as they relate to Pacific Palisades. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCPacifPal.rtf

Puffer Fish
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A 5 page paper which examines the exotic and poisonous fish also known as a blowfish, globefish and is served as an extravagant and dangerous Japanese sushi-like delicacy. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TGpuffer.rtf

Red Tide: Impact Upon Mammals, Humans And Tourism
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3 pages in length. Man's constant quest to advance his own species has typically been realized at the expense of all others in the plant and animal kingdom; only when the detrimental impact of humanity's selfish actions ultimately impact homosapiens is any thought given to fixing the problem. Such is the case with the phenomenon known as red tide whereby a toxic algal bloom caused by any number of man-made instigators poisons food sources and threatens the lives of those who consume the tainted delicacies. Inasmuch as the sea sustains all life - whether on land or in the water - its contribution to world survival equates to food, natural resources, drinking water and the protection of endangered species, a role it cannot play if its waters are full of red tide toxins. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCRedTide.rtf

Resolving the Ecological Impacts of Algal Blooms
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A 10 page overview of the complexity of ecological problems created by algal blooms. Emphasizes that these blooms are caused by excess nutrient loading through pollutant discharges and that they result in tremendous impacts to ecological systems. Outlines the current state of regulation in regard to nutrient loading and details its application to algal blooms. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPalgae.wps

River Temperature Changes
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This 6 page paper provides information about why river temperature changes and how it affects aquatic life, amongst other things. Causes and results are discussed specifically and generally in respect to water temperature throughout the world . Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: SA203tmp.rtf

Shark Attack or Accident?
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Shark Attack or Accident?: This 11-page essay discusses issues relevant to what today’s scientists know/ believe about why sharks attack humans. Is the Great White shark tantamount to Stephen Spielberg’s “eating machine” in Jaws, or do these aquatic giants attack Man out of more “prudent” reasoning? For dyed-in-the-wool cowards like myself, aquatic abstinence is the only sure bet. Bibliography lists 10 sources. SNSharks.doc
Filename: SNSharks.doc

Shipwreck Archaeology
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9 pages in length. Shipwreck archaeology can contribute knowledge to archaeological narratives constructed from more conventional data. Given the fact that contemporary explorers are no longer limited by the restriction of underwater depth, the potential for significant gains in archaeological knowledge is both grand and far-reaching. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCShipW.rtf

Soil Salinity in the Imperial Valley
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This 5 page paper discusses soil salinity in the Imperial Valley of California, including what it is, why it’s prevalent in this location, what effects it has, how it’s formed, what its benefits are (if any) and what can be done to change the amount of salt in the soil. Bibliography lists 6 sources
Filename: HVSoilIV.rtf

Solutions for Hypoxia and Eutrophication in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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This 3 page paper examines this problem and provides some solutions. Various issues are explored. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA419hyp.rtf

The Bottlenose Dolphin
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the dolphin, its behavior with humans and its general behavior. Specifics about the mammal are provided and information about feeding, migration and reproduction is included. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: SA407dol.rtf

The Consequences Of Groundwater Withdrawal / Nitrate Contamination # 2
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A 9 page overview of the potentials for groundwater contamination through the addition of nitrates. Identifies domestic wastewaters and fertilizers as two of the largest contributors to this contamination and identifies reclaimed wastewaters to wetlands treatment as an alternative to more typical discharges and as one which results in the reduction of nitrates and other nutrients. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Nitratec.wps

The Contributions of Sylvia Earle
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This 4 page paper looks at the life and times of this accomplished marine biologist. Some biographical information is provided on this woman who has contributed much to her field. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA415SE.rtf

The Cruise Line Industry & The Factors Of Oceanography
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A 5 page paper exploring the relationships between the cruise line industry and the forces of oceanography. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Cruiselin.wps

The Effects of the 1997-98 El Nino on Coral Reefs: Bleaching, Sea Surface Temperatures and Other Factors
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This is a 9 page paper discussing the effects of El Nino on the world’s coral reefs in addition to other factors. Excessive and sudden high sea water temperatures, El Nino, have a devastating effect on the coral reefs in over 100 countries around the world. High sea surface temperatures cause a disruption of enzymes in the coral’s zooxanthellae which then create toxic byproducts which kill the living coral resulting in a whitening or bleaching effect. Coral bleaching has been used in the last decade to study the changes in marine ecosystems using methods which include a combination of marine and satellite imagery efforts. The El Nino of 1997-98 was particularly destructive to the coral reefs as over 16 percent were instantly bleached in that year. In addition to the effects of sea temperatures rising, El Nino and human environmental factors, over 27 percent of the world’s coral reefs have been severely damaged. While it has been found that 30 percent may be recovering from the 1997-98 El Nino disaster, some reefs found in the Caribbean have shown no signs of recovery since 1998. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: TJelnin1.rtf

The Geology of Biscayne National Park (Florida)
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A 4 page description of limestone and reef formation in Biscayne National Park. The author describes processes and the complex ecology that has resulted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPgeoBis.rtf

The Geology of Hydrothermal Vents
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A 9 page discussion of the unique geology of hydrothermal vents. The subterranean processes which result in these vents also results in the expulsion of numerous minerals to the surface of the ocean floor. These mineral deposits form distinctive features which are potentially valuable not only from an aesthetic and ecological standpoint but mining standpoint. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPocnVn2.rtf

The Great Lakes
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A 6 page discussion of the Great Lakes, their sources, natural environment, and pertinent theories. Bibliography lists three references.
Filename: Greatlak.wps

The Great White Shark
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6 pages in length. The great white shark provokes a lot of mystery and myth, most of which is simply untrue. This paper will explore some facts about the great white and whether or not they propose a threat to humans, as well as problems affecting the great white sharks themselves and possible solutions. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAshark.wps

The Hard Shell Clam Business in the Raritan Bay Area
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This 24 page paper outlines biological aspects of hard clams which are also known as Mercenaria mercenaria or quahogs. The history of the industry in and around the Raritan Bay area and Sandy Hook are discussed in detail. Clam Population, conditions and sizes of clams are included along with a slew of information used to characterize the clams. The history of hard clamming in the region is discussed along with a great deal of information on pollution and how the problem has been resolved. Finally, throughout the paper, legislation and restrictions are duly noted. It is suggested that sometimes legislation is too strict. The paper concludes with future possibilities regarding this long standing industry. Bibliography lists 30 sources.
Filename: SA410clm.rtf

The Hawaiian Islands & Their Scientific Environment
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Excellent for those studying oceanography, marine biology, geography, and even geology. This fairly technical 10 page research paper discusses various issues concerning the Hawaiian Islands including aquatic life, volcanoes, climate, and coastal topography. Bibliography lists approximately 10 sources.
Filename: Hawaiifi.wps

The History & Current Conditions of The Rivers of Ohio
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Complex geological and structural changes have occurred in the rivers of Ohio since the were first created as a result of glacial flows. The current conditions in a number of rivers in Ohio, including the Ohio River itself, are directly related to the geological development of the region, the influx of industry and agricultural development since the 19th century, and the transformation of the environment due to vast chemical, structural and natural changes. This 9 page paper reflects the transformation of the Ohio Rivers since their glacial formation and determines the most significant environmental factors currently impacting these natural regions. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Ohioriv.wps

The Limnology of Lake Michigan
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A 9 page scientific research paper on the limnology of Lake Michigan (one of the United States' "Great Lakes"). Included are the limnological characteristics, climate & erosion, human & trophic conditions, and more. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: Lakemich.wps

The Lowly Tuna Sandwich: Its Ecological and Physiological Relevance to Man
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An 8 page analysis of the components of the tuna sandwich. Breaks the sandwich down into each of its components comparing them ecologically and evolutionary to man. The paper then concentrates on the molecular components of the sandwich, noting the particularly of the passage of elements such as starches and sugars through the digestive system of the human body. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPfoodAn.rtf

The Nile River:
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This 5 page paper discusses the Nile river, it's history and it's importance. Furthermore, this paper examines hoe the Nile river influenced nearly every aspect of ancient civilization. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: GSNileRv.rtf

The Ocean’s Potential to Feed the World’s People: Over-Fishing, Populations and the Environment, and Aquaculture in the LEDCs and MEDCs
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This is a 7 page paper discussing over-fishing of the world’s oceans, in particular reference to the North Sea, the relationship between the environment and population and fishing and aquaculture in the LEDCs and MEDCs. Within the last several decades, the fish population in the world’s oceans has decreased substantially. While the decrease in fish stocks has been partially blamed on environmental factors, the largest problem has been that fishing levels have been at capacity or at the over-fishing level for over thirty years resulting in the loss of some of the more popular fish stocks. Through fishing bans and aquaculture, many MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) have just begun to initiate programs with the hopes to recover the stocks but the future of most stocks is still questionable. In the LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) where larger portions of the population are also malnourished, there has also begun to be a great deal of over-fishing but mainly due to fishermen from wealthier countries who have moved from diminished areas. In addition, while a great percentage of continents such as Africa have been deemed suitable for aquaculture, funding depends on governmental support which varies from country to country and year to year. It is estimated that the results of the over-fishing in all the oceans in which many of the stocks will be forever diminished will eventually lead to an increased dependence on grain farmers; a demand they cannot meet. Overall, the increasing world populations will be affected by increased malnutrition and famine, similar to what was initially predicted by Thomas Malthus in 1798 unless more funding and support can be placed on aquaculture worldwide. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJfishf1.rtf

The Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)
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A 7 page overview of the environmental factors affecting the Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in regard to their feeding patterns and development. Emphasizes that life history varies in accordance with a number of factors including the habitat in which the fish live and the prey species which are desirable, or at the very least available. Concludes that halibut feeding patterns are both directly and indirectly correlated with such factors as the relative age of a Halibut and environmental factors such as water depth, oxygen level, and turbulence. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhalibt.wps

Three Generations of Archaeological Research and Influence: Robert Wauchope, George Bass, and Cemal Pulak
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This is a 13 page paper (9 page paper and 4 page annotated bibliography) discussing the three generations of archaeologists Robert Wauchope, George Bass and Cemal Pulak. George F. Bass, the “father of nautical archaeology” is used as the “middle” generation in a three generation look at researchers within anthropology and archaeology who have influenced and inspired the work of others. Bass, the second generation, a recent retiree from the Texas A&M Nautical Archaeology department he founded continues to practice the science of underwater excavation through the Institute of Nautical Archaeology using meticulous methods and technology he devised. Cemal Pulak, the third generation, is described as one of Bass’ former students and assistant but who is now an assistant professor at Texas A&M and director of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology in Turkey in relations to their underwater excavations in the Mediterranean. Pulak combined the techniques learned from Bass in relation to his own specialties in seafaring and ship construction to further research the wrecks discovered in the area of nautical archaeology. Finally, the initial inspiration for Bass to enter the field of archaeology came from his uncle, Robert Wauchope, the first generation. Wauchope was a successful and often cited leader in the archaeological community in regards to his knowledge and excavations of Mayan sites in addition to his meticulous record keeping and conservation of historical sites; an aspect carried on through the works of Bass and Pulak. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: TJGBass1.rtf

Tsunami
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A 5 page paper which provides an overview of tsunami. The paper discusses the causes of tsunami and also illustrates where threats are likely. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAtsunam.wps

Tsunami: The Physics and Possible Prevention
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This 6 page paper provides general information to come from three articles on tsunamis. Preventative measures are discussed along with a discussion on causes. Tsunamis are compared with tidal waves and differences are noted. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA642tsu.rtf

Water Desalinization
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A 7 page paper on desalting the oceans. The writer details the history of desalinization, as well as the various techniques, and pros and cons of each. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Desalt.wps

Water Scaricity Should Lead to Agricultural Priorities:
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This 5 page paper discusses water scarcity, and how water should be reserved for agricultural needs primarily as opposed to urban centers in these situations. This paper uses California as an example, as well as other global locations to show the need for making agriculture a priority. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: GSWaters.rtf

Weather Satellites
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A 4 page paper discussing today’s meteorological satellites. Whereas the earliest weather satellites held only black and white cameras and little else in the way of monitoring equipment or devices, today’s meteorological satellites not only provide greatly improved weather information, they also monitor a variety of atmospheric environmental conditions. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSweathSat.rtf

Why Ocean Exploration Should be Funded at the Same Rate as Space Exploration
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This 3 page paper argues that although space exploration has discovered products and processes that are important, the study of the oceans, and particularly their connection to global warming, is at least as important, and should be funded. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVSeaExp.rtf

WILLIAM SMITH, THE FATHER OF THE MODERN MAP
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This 4-page paper provides a brief overview of William Smith, the early 19th century surveyor who is considered to be the "Father of English Geology." Topics including the first geologic map of England/Wales and stratigraphic studies are discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MTsmimap.rtf