Detoxification of Xenobiotics by Plant Cells: Characterization of Vacuolar Amphiphilic Organic Anion Transporters
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A 5 page discussion of plant purification of toxins. Imparts an understanding of the biochemical mechanism of how plants, either intentionally or by chance, when exposed to toxins, can purify themselves of those toxins. Emphasizes that this knowledge has numerous implications and could even be applied to toxic waste disposal and cleanup. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPplntDe.wps

Constructed Wetlands in Wastewater Treatment: Design and Monitoring Considerations
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A 9 page overview of the use of constructed wetlands in the receipt and treatment of domestic wastewater. Outlines the design considerations which must be considered prior to construction and operational and monitoring considerations which ensure the ongoing success of a project. Includes a sample of specific design and performance information for an operational wastewater to wetlands operation in Manila. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPwetWst.wps

Acid Rain: Effects on the Environment and Man
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A 5 page overview of the phenomenon of acid rain. Describes the phenomenon from a chemical standpoint emphasizing the role of sulfuric acid, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitric acid. Relates the impacts which acid rain can have on the environment and on man. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPacdRn2.wps

"Chemical Analysis By Observation Of Spectra" - Summary
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4 pages in length. The purpose of the experiments is to illustrate how important spectrum analysis is within the context of chemical reaction where various substances are concerned. For the chemicals in this experiment, all have the ability to create specific bright lines when brought into contact with the flame. The inherent value of performing these experiments, therefore, is to establish the importance of spectrum analysis in relation to further discover of elements that may not be detected without the influence of certain light properties. No bibliography.
Filename: TLCSpectra.rtf

A Comparison of Fire Suppression Systems
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This 4 page paper takes a look at two fire suppression systems : CO2 based systems and Halon systems. The two are compared and contrasted and the environmental problems with halon are highlighted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA349CO2.rtf

A Comparison of Three Soft Drinks: Coke, Dr. Pepper and Mountain Dew
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts ingredients and amount of carbonation in each drink. Some history of each soft drink is provided. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: SA149pop.rtf

Acid Rain: Impacts to Soil and Water
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A 6 page discussion of the impacts of acid rain. This paper details the chemical impacts to soil and water as well as to the physiological function of biological organisms. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPacidRC.rtf

Action And Physical Properties Of Magma
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An 8 page paper discussing the origin, movement and physical attributes of the substance that is known as lava once it exits its volcano. Formed under intense heat (up to 4300C) and pressure, magma has no choice but to rise. The absolute chemical composition varies according to location on the earth's surface, and chemical changes in the magma as it moves toward the surface opening it seeks can span a range of changes as minerals are precipitated out of the magma and sink downward through it again. Regrettably, old mudflows of prior eruptions appear to many to be good homesites as builders populate the paths of former mudflow channels with homes in the shadow of still-active volcanoes. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Magma.wps

Ageing
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An overview of the phenomenon of ageing from a biochemical perspective, looking at the programmed and random damage theories and the ways in which these might be approached in order to take into account both genetic and stochastic causes of ageing. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLageing.rtf

Aluminum
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An 8 page research paper on aluminum. Explores the metal's history, properties, uses, and so forth. Useful for those studying chemistry and other sciences. Bibliography contains 4 references.
Filename: Aluminu.wps

An Evaluation Of The Use Of Immunological Techniques
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This 12 page paper examines the use of Immunological Techniques, specifically ELISAs and RIAs. The paper starts by considering the detection of the antibody, the antiserum or the antibody used to detect the antigen, the way that the bound antibody and antigen can be separated from the unbound reactants if there is the use of a heterogeneous assay and the detection method. The bibliography cites 12 sources.
Filename: TEimmtech.rtf

An Exploration of Infrared Light
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An 8 page discussion of infrared as it relates to the color spectrum, astronomical phenomena, gemstone coloration, and even psychology. This paper defines infrared light and describes its importance to mankind and the workings of our universe in general. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPinfraR.rtf

Anthrax: What Happened?
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A 4 page paper which examines what may have been the cause of the anthrax attacks in the United States postal service. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAanthrx.rtf

ARE FLAVORINGS NATURAL? OR NOT?
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This 7-page paper, taking from Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation, explains the concept of flavorization, and how much of the food we eat isn't necessarily "natural," but is enhanced by chemists and flavor chefs. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MTflanat.rtf

Asbestos
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A 2 page paper detailing the composition of asbestos, health consequences that are related to its exposure, a history of its use, and problems with measuring asbestos levels. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Abestos.wps

Aspirin and The Hydroxyl Group
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This 5 page paper considers the development and composition of aspirin, paying special attention to the hydroxyl group. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEasprin.rtf

Bacillus cereus
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A 9 page paper discussing characteristics of the organism and its ability to cause disease. Though B. cereus food contamination apparently is not a condition against which sufficient protection is possible, it can be managed so that risk of disease from B. cereus food poisoning can be minimized. Most of the cases of food poisoning resulting from the metabolites of this organism still go unreported and even unrecognized in the diarrheal form, but study of the cases that are reported may be useful in the study of the more serious manifestations of B. cereus contamination such as gangrene and other conditions. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: KSBcereus.wps

Background and Medical Applications of the Isotope Sodium -24
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This 3 page paper looks at Sodium Isotope -24, also known as Na-24. The paper outlines when sodium was discovered, and the isotope -24 is used for medical purposes. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEna24me.rtf

Benzene
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A 3 page review of the history and use of benezene. This paper describes how benezene is produced and used and emphasizes the health impacts associated with exposure. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPbenzene.rtf

Bioconversion; Converting Non-Protein to Protein
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This 5 page paper considers the existing research that has been undertaken in converting non-protein nitrogen into protein. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEbiocon.rtf

Bioremediation: A Review of One Article Detailing the Attributes of Geobacter Bacteria
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A 3 page review of a December 2003 interview of Dr. Barbara Methe, the collaborative investigator at the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and Dr. Derek Lovely, the head of the University of Massachusetts (Amherst) microbiology department. These researchers clarify the benefits of using bacteria, especially the Geobacter bacteria, in the cleanup of hazardous waste. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPhazSp2.rtf

Care and Maintenance of a Koi Pond
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A 4 page paper which examines how to care for and maintain a Koi pond. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAkoi.rtf

Carolus Linnaeus, Demitri I Mendeleev and Leonhard Euler
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This 5 page paper outlines the work and achievements of these three men that focus on the logical organisation of information and the ability to classify information into logical groups. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEmendel.rtf

Cellular Transport of the Enzyme Rubisco
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A 4 page discussion of the function of the enzyme rubisco in regard to its importance in plant photosynthesis. The author describes the enzyme, detailing a molecular composition which enables it to interact with and be impacted by environmental constituents such as heat, carbon dioxide, and inactive rubisco. This same molecular composition plays an important role in the binding process which allows the enzyme to be transported throughout plant tissue. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPenzRub.rtf

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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A 10 page consideration of the theory of evolution and our current knowledge regarding the origin of life. Outlines Darwin's theories and the natural history information which led to those theories and provides a brief outline of the chemical basis for the origin of life. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPevolut.rtf

Chemistry Of The Halogen Group
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5 pages in length. The halogen group is comprised of astatine, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, all of which are nonmetals and form a portion of the periodic system's seventh primary group. The word halogen, which equates to salt producer, is indicative of myriad sea salt compounds, as well as common table salt in the form of sodium chloride. The collective group of halogens possesses a strong, unpleasant odor and has the capacity to burn right through living body tissue; their capacity to dissolve in water is quite poor. Weight fluctuates quite significantly between and among the gases, with fluorine being the lightest and astatine the heaviest. Their atomic weights reflect fluorine, 18.9984; chlorine, 35.453; bromine, 79.909; iodine, 126.905; and astatine, 210. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLChlogn.wps

Chlorine
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This 3 page paper discusses the element chlorine. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: HVChlori.rtf

Chlorine and Bleach
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This 4 page report discusses the properties of the element chlorine and how and why it is used in common bleach and disinfectant applications. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWbleach.rtf

Clay
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A 9 page examination of the industrial mineral - clay. Paper explores its chemical and physical properties, origin, and industrial uses. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Clay.wps

Cleaner Plastics; Lifecycle and Recycling
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Plastics are associated with poor environmental practices consuming fossil fuels in their production and disposal. This 20 page paper considers the way in plastics production and recycling may be undertaken in a cleaner way. The paper focuses on recycling looking at the lifecycle from the recycling perspective including the creation of plastics using plants that result in biodegradable plastics as well as the ways in which plastics may be recycled. The bibliography cites 50 sources.
Filename: TEplastics.rtf

Comparing the size of the ONO bond angle in NO2 with NO2 -1 and NO3 -1
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This 4 page paper looks at how the size of the O-N-O bond angle in NO2 compares to the size of the O-N-O bond angles in NO2 -1 and NO3 -1 and explain how and why these differences occur. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEONObond.rtf

Cooking And Chemistry
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Ever watched an egg boil? Ever have an urge to find out what types of chemical processes are occurring as the egg boils? This 5 page paper explores he chemical processes of cooking. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTcokchm.wps

Copper
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the element copper. Basic information is provided, inclusive of its many uses. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA614cu.rtf

Creatine Phosphate
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the biochemistry of creatine phosphate, a crucial element in the production of muscle energy. The writer discusses its function, structure, and pathways. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khpo3.rtf

Defining Osmosis
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This 5 page report discusses and explains the concept of osmosis which is how one element or ingredient of a solution flows through a membrane while other components of a solutuon are shut out and unable to pass through the membrane. In order to determine which membranes allow the flow of which constituents of a solution requires experimentation since not all membranes act the same way. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWosmos.rtf

Dental Fillings: History, Types and Uses
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An 8 page discussion of the history of dental fillings. Traces the filling from ancient times to present exploring the various types of materials which were used. Explains that the choice of filling is related to performance but also to availability and cost. Notes that the evolutionary path of fillings is tied as well to the evolutionary paths of other dentistry aspects such as drill evolution and the development of molding techniques and materials. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdentFi.wps

Discuss how well Popper’s model of Conjectures and Refutations applies to Fleming's Work on Penicillin
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A paper which considers the differences between Popper's methodology and that of the inductionists, and applies the theories to Fleming's discovery of penicillin. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: JLpoper.rtf

Dr. Willis H. Carrier: Father of Air Conditioning
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A 6 page paper which examines the life and contribution of Dr. Willis H. Carrier, the Father of Air Conditioning. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAaircn.rtf

Drug Chemistry: The Effect of Ionization of Absorption and Excretion
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A 4 page overview of the relation of drug ionization, specifically of whether the drug is a weak acid or a weak base, to its absorption into the body and consequent excretion from the body. Notes a differential absorption and excretion, according to physiological pH, as to where the drug is absorbed and when it is excreted. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPdrugCh.rtf

Early Photography: The Calotype
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(7pp) The base of a calotype negative, rather than the glass or film to which we have become accustomed, was high quality writing paper. The sheet of paper was carefully selected to have a smooth and uniform texture and, wherever possible, to avoid the watermark. It was offered as the chief alternative to the Daguerreotype and was more popular with amateur photographers, artists, and scientists, who used it widely, since the negative could be corrected with pencil. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BBcalotp.doc