Copper
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the element copper. Basic information is provided, inclusive of its many uses. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA614cu.rtf

Copyright And Genome Databases
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18 pages in length. The antagonistic issue of ownership is one that transcends virtually all boundaries of what might otherwise be considered a civilized society. From ancient Rome to contemporary times, the fight for lawful claim upon a certain entity has always been ensnared within the confines of man's contempt for fair distribution of any given commodity. The concern over the absence of any copyright protection laws for human genomics databases is but one of myriad issues surrounding the entire precarious research program; with sensitive and pertinent information being discovered in relation to human genomics research, and the fact that anyone is fully capable of securing that information without prior permission by only slightly modifying the existing database, original creators and critics are up in arms about the unethical and inequitable nature of such unprotected actions, a bone of contention that has existed in various forms for hundreds of years. Bibliography lists 30 sources.
Filename: TLCgenom.rtf

Cordillera Orogony: Mountain Formation
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A 7 page discussion of the processes which go into mountain formation. Defines cordillera orogony. Utilizes the Northern Highlands of Scotland as an example of the geologic process of plate tectonics which is responsible to a large degree for this phenomenon. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPmntFor.wps

Corn: A Commodity Chain Description
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This 8 page paper focuses on corn and describes its makeup, how it is grown and where it is grown geographically. Its cultural significance is explored along with concerns about genetic engineering. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA149crn.rtf

Correlation of Hearing Loss and Smoking
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A 6 page paper investigating the relation of hearing loss to cigarette smoking. Hearing loss and smoking would appear not to be related physically, given the information we have about the effects of smoking. The purpose here is to review the few studies that have been done and to draw some conclusions about the possible relationship. Research shows that it may be that hearing loss and smoking are closely related, not in biochemical relations but in the common environments in which both exist simultaneously. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSsmokeStHear.rtf

Cosmogony / An Overview
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A 12 page exploration of Astronomical Cosmology or Cosmogony, the branch of astrology and astrophysics which studies the origin of the universe. Includes an explanation of the Big Bang theory, the nature of light, gravity, the Doppler effect, dark matter, Olber's paradox, background radiation, the theory of relativity, and inflation. Bibliography lists nine sources.
Filename: Cosmogon.wps

Cosmology & Significance of Antimatter
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A 4 page research paper that discusses what antimatter is, how it was predicted and discovered and what scientists believe is its significance to Big Bank theory and the origins of the universe. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khantb2.rtf

Counterfactual History and the Development of Scientific Theory in Early Europe
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An 11 page exploration of the way society repressed scientific fact in Europe, between 1000 A.D and 1800 A.D. The toll this repression took was a delay in the development of muchmore advanced knowledge. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsciCnt.rtf

Cousin Marriages: The Biological Deterrents
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A 5 page overview of the biological manifestations of inbreeding (consanguinity). Discusses the coefficient of relationship and how this relates to increase propensities for certain diseases, malformations, and maladaptations. Concludes that while the results of consanguinity can be negative there is also the increased likelihood of passing on certain desirable traits as well. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPcousin.wps

Cow Ticks
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8 pages in length. An in-depth discussion of the problem of cow ticks and their biological manifestation. Social, health, and economic implications are explored against a scientific background. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Cowticks.wps

Crawford Lake Geology and Climate Change
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A 7 page paper discussing the climate change that has occurred in the area of Crawford Lake, Ontario over the past 13,000 years, using the lithology of the lake as evidence. The paper discusses the records of oxygen isotope, calcium carbonate concentration and detritus layer as evidence for a moist climate followed by change to a dry, warm climate that once again was followed by a shift back to the climate of the present day. The paper is based on the research of Zicheng Yu, who has studied Crawford Lake extensively. Includes 3 figures, including a photograph of Crawford Lake core samples. Bibliography lists 5 sources. Core sample photograph contained separately in KSgeoCrawLkCore.rtf.
Filename: KSgeoCrawLk.rtf

Creatine Phosphate
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the biochemistry of creatine phosphate, a crucial element in the production of muscle energy. The writer discusses its function, structure, and pathways. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khpo3.rtf

Creationism v. Darwinism
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A 5 page research paper that reports on the debate evolutionists and creationists. Evolutionists look to the theories of Charles Darwin to explain life on earth, who postulated that the complex ecological systems of the natural world evolved from simple one-celled organisms over the eons of geological time. Creationists, on the other hand, argue that the evidence behind Darwinism is faulty and this group, in general, supports the version of Creation offered by Judeo-Christian tradition in the Book of Genesis. Creationist groups have argued that creationism should be presented along side Darwinism in the nation's public schools. The writer focuses on the arguments that justify the creationist point of view. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khcrvda.wps

Creationism vs Evolution
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A 5 page consideration of the respective arguments for each of these philosophies. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPcreatnEvol.rtf

Critique of "Does Race Exist?"
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A 6 page review of an article appearing in Scientific American in 2003 discussing genetic similarities and differences between and within those groups of humans that we commonly refer to as races. The authors discuss the role that Alu polymorphism carries in distinguishing broad groups of people and the limitations of using the measure to categorize humans. The authors explain that some who appear to be quite similar can be quite different genetically, while the reverse is also true. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: KSraceArtCrit.rtf

Critique Of A Topic In Classical Thermodynamics
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5 pages in length. Classical thermodynamics presents a most intriguing dichotomy with regard to its contemporary definition, in that by the close of the nineteenth century, classical thermodynamics had been reduced to classical mechanics by way of statistical mechanics. Primary to this modification of measurement were the contributions of Sir Isaac Newton, whose Newtonian Mechanics predicted the behavior of such entities as particles, pendulums and machines all the way through the nineteenth century when the new physics began to have its impact. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCthrmo.rtf

Crocodiles vs People: A Possible Solution?
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A 13 page paper describing crocodiles and discussing ways in which people can coexist with them. Crocodiles coexisted with the dinosaurs, but they have survived their reptilian relatives by 65 million years. All 23 species were listed as endangered in 1971, but only seven remain so designated. In 2000, it was discovered that crocodile cartilage possesses the same anti-tumor bioactivity as does shark cartilage. Preservation of the crocodile could be important for more than only the ecosystems in which they live. Management in Australia has demonstrated that crocodiles and humans can indeed coexist, without undue strain on either the crocodiles or the humans. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: KS-crocs.wps

Cryptococcus Neoformans
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Cryptococcus Neoformans is a pathogen to humans and can cause a range of conditions from asymptomatic illness to lethal systemic disease. This 3 page paper looks at the pathogen, its' ecology, the diseases, symptoms, occurrence, treatment and prognosis. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TECryptoN.rtf

Current Research in Aspects of Cell Structure
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A 10 page paper discussing current research trained on structure, rather than on processes. There is so much attention focused on biochemical pathways and the interactions of compounds with each other that the basics of structure are often overlooked. As it becomes more important to discover methods of industrial miniaturization and continued enhancement of return on the raw materials of meat and meat product production, we likely can expect greater focus on natural structures and their influence in regulating processes. The paper includes an outline and discussion of research focusing on bacterial flagella, cell walls, cell division and nerve cells. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: KScellStruc.wps

Cyanobacteria
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This 4 page report discusses the origins, evolution, and purposes of cyanobacteria Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWcyanob.rtf

Cytochrome P450
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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450 or P450) is the term used for a sizeable quantity of oxidative enzymes that are evolutionarily related. This 24 page paper looks at what these enzymes are, where they are found, their catalytic cycle, the physical characteristics, the importance to humans including how they are induced in humans, the genes and what happens when they do not function correctly. The bibliography cites 30 sources.
Filename: TEcytoP450.rtf

Dangerous Knowledge: Should Our Capacity Be Limited?
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5 pages in length. Society has long been transfixed with the aspect of advancement; ever since Galileo's discovery of scientific proof, the world has feverishly continued down the path of progression. Indeed, the vast majority of man's inventions and discoveries since Galileo's time has been beneficial to his existence; however, contemporary society is bringing to light the very real possibility that possessing too much knowledge can actually be a dangerous concept for the world's survival. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCknowg.rtf

Dark Matter
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A 12 page research paper that investigates the latest discoveries and ramifications pertaining to this mysterious substance, which scientists have determined makes up 90% of all matter in the universe. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khdarkmt.wps

Darwin's "Origin of the Species": An Evolutionary Progression of Concepts
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A 10 page discussion of the first eight chapters of Charles Darwin's "Origin of the Species". Presents the thesis that "Origin of the Species" itself is a product of evolutionary progression of thought. The first two-thirds of the book, Chapters 1 through 4, introduce Darwin's most basic evolutionary thoughts while the subsequent chapters 5 through 8 introduce the more complex concepts of Darwin's evolutionary theory. These chapters also show a correlation with the thoughts and work of others of Darwin's time, a correlation which builds rather than diminishes as the book moves from introduction to conclusion. These influences themselves can be contended to be environmental factors in shaping the final layout of "Origin of the Species". Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdarwin.wps

Darwin's Challenges to Convention
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A 5 page paper discussing evolution, natural selection and social Darwinism. There are many who continue to argue today that Darwin was mistaken, that origin of species could not arise in the manner he described. There are many more, however, absolutely convinced that Darwin found the mechanism by which species arise. The controversy surrounding Darwin's theories continues, further supporting the statement that he challenged accepted scientific theories and changed the way that people viewed science. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSdarwin00.wps

Darwin's Theory and the Idea of the Human
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This 3 page paper discusses the relationship between Darwin's theory and the idea of the human being. Bibliography lists 2 sources
Filename: HVDarHum.rtf

DARWIN’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE SCIENCE OF EMOTION
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This 3 page paper discusses the basic perspectives of Darwin on the idea of emotions and expressions, then compares his ideas to those discoveries being made by scientists today. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBdarwin.rtf

DARWIN, GENETICS AND THE ORIGINS OF LIFE
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This paper examines Charles Darwin's theory pertaining to survival of the fittest, and how it fits into genetics and how life was formed. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: MTdarwin.rtf

Data Collection and the U.S. Navy: An Emphasis on Weather Analysis and Its Impact to Naval Strategies
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A 6 page discussion of the importance of data collection and statistical analyses in the U.S. Navy. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding weather patterns drives much of the Navy's data collection and analyses efforts. Being able to predict the weather can mean the difference between success or failure. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnvStat.rtf

Data for Assessing a Site to Hold Hazardous Waste
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This 10 page paper identified data sources that could be used to help identify a site suitable for storing hazardous waste. The paper identifies a range of data sources that will help identity characteristics of areas such as low population density, dry hard rock, near road and rail links and avoiding sites of special scientific interest or nature reserves. The bibliography sites 8 sources.
Filename: TEsitesearch.rtf

Death Valley National Park
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This 5 page report discusses Death Valley National Park’s landscape, geological structure, climate, and the creatures that survive there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWdeathv.rtf

Debate on Human Cloning
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A 6 page research paper that argues against the possibility of human cloning. The writer examines the possible uses for cloning and argues that to reproduce a human being in this manner is repugnant and unethical because it does not considers the needs of the child. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khhuclno.rtf

Debating Shoeing Horses
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A 3 page paper discussing the implications of shoeing horses. The bottom line appears to be that shoes are beneficial in offering protection where it is needed and in correcting existing hoof problems, but that all horses do not need to be routinely shoed without assessing the conditions in which they live and work. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KShorseShoe.rtf

Debating the Origins of Eukaryotic Flagella
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the current literature on this topic. Current scientific research still shows a significant debate over the origins of eukaryotic flagella. Lynn Margulis first proposed endosymbiont theory in an effort to settle the debate on the origins of structures, including eukaryotic flagella. Her theory and the use of 16s rRNA analysis provided a basis for relating the origins of both mitochondria and chloroplasts, yet does not completely resolve arguments over the origins of the eukaryotic flagella. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MHCellFl.rtf

Defining Osmosis
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This 5 page report discusses and explains the concept of osmosis which is how one element or ingredient of a solution flows through a membrane while other components of a solutuon are shut out and unable to pass through the membrane. In order to determine which membranes allow the flow of which constituents of a solution requires experimentation since not all membranes act the same way. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWosmos.rtf

Definitions of Life
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This 5 page paper explores how "life" might be defined within scientific areas of biology, ornithology, anthropology, paleontology and geology. Branches of science may guide us, but ultimately each individual must answer that question of what is life, through either opinion or their own belief system, as well as acknowledge that "Life is continually adapting to changing environmental conditions." Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BBlife.doc.

Deforestation: Central America
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A 6 page paper which offers an examination of the deforestation that is taking place in Central America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAdefrst.rtf

DENDROCHRONOLOGY AND THE FIELD OF QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
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This 5 page paper discusses the application of dendrochronology to the field of geology and paleogeology. Examples given, explanations offered. Bibliographpy lists 8 sources.
Filename: MBtrering.rtf

Dental Fillings: History, Types and Uses
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An 8 page discussion of the history of dental fillings. Traces the filling from ancient times to present exploring the various types of materials which were used. Explains that the choice of filling is related to performance but also to availability and cost. Notes that the evolutionary path of fillings is tied as well to the evolutionary paths of other dentistry aspects such as drill evolution and the development of molding techniques and materials. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdentFi.wps

Denture Cleansers
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5 pages in length. Maintaining one's own teeth is certainly a preferable alternative to having dentures; however, when the time comes to make such a decision, there are a number of considerations to be made beyond merely the fit. If dentures are not properly cleansed on a regular basis, this can lead to the same type of oral decay found in those without dentures. Denture cleansers are manufactured to help continue the process of good oral hygiene by effectively removing the build up of debris from prosthetic dental appliances. Powder, tablet or paste, the choice of material is solely a personal decision based upon past experience and preference. The write discusses various aspects of denture cleansers. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCdentr.wps