Gregory Bateson: Anthropology and Cybernetics
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This 5 page paper discusses the life and work of anthropologist Gregory Bateson. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVGrBtsn.rtf

Growing Up as an Italian American
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A 10 page paper that examines the history and the ethnic conditions of an Italian family here in the United States. The family under examination is a family that originated in Italy within the past few generations, and have only become American citizens during this century. The paper focuses predominantly upon one man who was born shortly before WWII. Through an examination of this man the history of his Italian heritage is seen, as well as the decline of that cultural aspect as all previous generations begin to die off, leaving the man caught in the middle between an Italian and an American life. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAitalian.wps

Growing Up Bilingual
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A 6 page analysis of this book by Ana Celia Zentella, which details the author's 14-year study of five bilingual girls growing up on a single block of New York's "El Barrio," the nation's longest settled Puerto Rican neighborhood. The writer gives an overall view of the book and concludes that it should be read by everyone who might vote on issues concerning bilingualism in the public school system. Zentella dispels many misconceptions that surround this issue and argues persuasively in favor of bilingualism. The writer also argues that Zentella's book can be used to gain added knowledge in how language is acquired and used. Refers to the source. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Growbil.wps

GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL: JARED DIAMOND
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This 3 page paper discusses the theories of Jared Diamond in his Pulitzer Prize winning book: Guns, Germs and Steel. Examples offered. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: MBdmond.rtf

Hallucinogenic Drugs: A Spiritual Aid or Threat to Non-Traditional Cultures?
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An 8 page discussion of the traditional use of hallucinogenic drugs to bring traditional cultures in contact with their spirit guides and to heighten awareness of past lives and reincarnation. This paper presents the contention that, outside of the traditional framework which spawned such use, hallucinogenic drugs are useless in meeting this goal and can even present a significant danger for non-traditional individuals. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPhallu2.rtf

Hammond/Refugees in Ethiopia
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A 9 page book review that critiques and summarizes Laura C. Hammond's This Place Will Become Home (2004), which is a thorough, scholarly and intimate anthropological study of the experience of a group of Ethiopian refugees who are repatriated to their home country from camps in the Sudan. The writer judges this to be an exemplary study that not only offers a complete overview of these peoples' situation, but has serious social policy implications for humanitarian efforts. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: khhameth.rtf

Harris: Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches
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This 5 page paper discusses Marvin Harris's book "Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: the Riddles of Culture. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVMHaris.rtf

Hawaiian Sorcery
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A 3 page research paper that examines Hawaiian newspaper articles that were published between October 20, 1866 and February 2, 1871, in which Samuel Kamakau recorded information on Hawaiian culture at a time when native Hawaiians still recalled much of their heritage. However, today references that were perfectly clear to his Hawaiian readership are intriguingly enigmatic to readers totally unfamiliar with Hawaiian culture. Nevertheless, it is possible to differentiate between the various forms of Hawaiian sorcery. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khhawmag.rtf

HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTRAST AND COMPARISON OF JAPAN TO INDONESIA
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This 10 page paper compares demographic data between Japan and Indonesia, makes predictions, explains trends, and gives historical indicators. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MBindjapan.rtf

Hieroglyphics
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This 5 page paper is an annotated bibliography of 15 items for the subject "hieroglyphics."
Filename: HVHierog.rtf

Hispanic Cultures in the United States
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This 7 page paper examines four different groups of people--Salvadorans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and Cubans--and compares and contrasts their immigration experience. The paper focuses on values and how these groups differ in terms of family life, political life and so forth. Several examples are provided and a final analysis of similarities and differences is included. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA632His.rtf

Historical Anthropology Questions
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A 9 page paper that answers three questions about historical anthropology. Topics include evolution of social cultural change, colonial projects and memory practices. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: khisan.rtf

Historical Method and Ancient Literary Texts
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A 6 page discussion of the need for caution when using ancient literary texts to interpret history. The author of this paper points out that the modern historian needs to consider such factors as authorship, language, structure and form, sources, and literary meaning in undertaking historical research. Even more important, however, is reviewing a text in its historical context. Numerous examples are presented from the classical world of all the factors which can influence the accuracy of ancient texts. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhistLt.rtf

Homo Erectus
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A 5 page research paper on Homo Erectus -- an early evolutionary version of human originally believed to have started in Africa, and now in Asia. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Homoerec.wps

HOMO RUDOLFENSIS
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This 6 page paper discusses the theories and possibilities with the discovery of homo rudolfensis. Analysis of phylogeny, habits, and other attributes discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MBhomorudo.rtf

Homo Sapiens Development: 18,000 to 5,000 years ago
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8 pages in length. The writer discusses changes that occurred during this time period as they relate to the cultural development of Homo sapiens. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCsapen.wps

How Museums are Viewed by Anthropologists
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This 5 page paper looks at both sides of the controversial nature of museums. The paper supports the position that museums misrepresent ethnic communities around the world. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA 109Mus.wps

How Performance Studies has Benefitted from Anthropology:
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This 10 page paper examines the historical approach to performance studies and illustrates how the emergence of a multi-disciplinary approach has benefitted this research. Furthermore, the benefits of such an approach are discussed and outlined, as major contributors to this philosophy are outlined throughout the research. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: GSPerman.rtf

How the Elderly are Treated in Various Cultures
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This 7 page paper examines the plight of the elderly and how they are treated in the United States, as well as in two other cultures which are the Tiwi of Northern Australia and the Abkhasians of Caucasus. The cultures are examined with the use of the concepts of functionalism, interactionism and conflict theory. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA346eld.rtf

Howard Carter’s Contribution to the Development of Archaeology
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A 9 page paper which details the life and work of Howard Carter, the British archaeologist. Specific reference is made to the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen and the importance of this excavation in many areas of archaeology and Egyptology. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: JLarch.wps

Human Evolution: Physical and Cultural Changes
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A 4 page overview of human evolution. This paper traces the path from ardipithecus to Homo sapiens. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPhumEv2.rtf

Ice Cream / Cultural Symbol and Example of Good Business
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A 6 page research paper in which the writer examines the phenomena of America's love for ice cream as well as some of the inner-working of companies such as Ben & Jerry's and the efforts that these mega-enterprises have made to ensure quality human resources and low turnover. Bibliography lists approximately 4 sources.
Filename: Icecream.wps

Identity as an Aspect of Material Culture and Influences of the Dominant Culture and Subcultures with Contemporary North America
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This is a 10 page paper discussing the issues of identity and material culture. In the determination of the idea of identity within the American culture it is important to realize that there are many different factors which must be included. This paper addresses the issue of how the dominant culture and subcultures within the American society are defined through fashions, trends, norms, and beliefs and how these subcultures can be influenced by advertising, fashions, definitions of beauty, and different issues in relation to acceptance or reaction against material culture. Urban and American identity is segregated based on subcultures that are defined by various aspects including ethnicity, race, religion, region, age, gender, class and education among many other variants. Individuals within society define their identity by either an acceptance or rejection of the norms within a certain subculture or within the dominant culture. By doing so new subcultures are formed within society as can be seen over the course of history in North America which is evident in the development of changes in the social, civil, political, and fashion trends over time. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJident1.rtf

IDEOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MESOPOTATMIA, EGYPT, GREECE, ROME, AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE
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This 5 page paper dicusses the similarities and differences between the ancient cultures and the newer culture of the Renaissance.Bibliographpy lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBcvlizatin.rtf

Illusion v. Reality
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A 5 page essay that examines three books: Wait Till Next Year by D.K. Goodwin; M. Butterfly by D.H. Hwang and The Emperor's Giraffe by S.M. Wilson. The writer looks at each book and how it expresses the dichotomies between illusion and reality and how these two elements are frequently socially intertwined. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khilreal.rtf

IMMIGRATION IN AUSTRALIA (1980-1990).
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This 15 page paper contrasts and compares the 1980's to the 1990's immigration patterns, motives and consequences in Australia. Issues related to immigration are discussed and the impact of increase immigration to Australia. Australia's immigration policies are discussed as well as the reaction by the world to those policies. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MBausim.rtf

Indian Influence in the United States
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A 5 page overview of the many influences Indians are exerting in the US. These influences range from impacts on clothing, food and art to impacts on our business environment and on our philosophy itself. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPindianInfluUS.rtf

Indigenous Cultures of Venezuela
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5 pages in length. Discussion of the Yamamao and Pemon tribes inhabiting the rain forests. Their culture, marriage patterns and the problems they are facing with the destruction of the rain forests are all covered in this interesting paper concerning these ancient and primitive peoples. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAyanom.wps

Indigenous Cultures of Venezuela
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7 pages in length. Discussion of the Yamamao and Pemon tribes inhabiting the rain forests. Their culture, marriage patterns and the problems they are facing with the destruction of the rain forests are all covered in this interesting paper concerning these ancient and primitive peoples. Also includes discussion on recent attempts to civilize these people. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAyacul.wps

Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic, Subarctic, and Great Basin
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This 4 page paper examines key issues in assimilation and adaptation for groups in these regions. Language is discussed as a problem. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA411ind.rtf

Indo-Americans Propose Melting Pot Resolution
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A 7 page piece that discusses two issues confronting Indo-Americans (Americans from India) today--discrimination and cultural identity. The paper provides an historical perspective on how diversity within the Indian community was created and what that means to the Indo-American community. In response to the identity crisis, the paper posits the call of some Indo-American leaders for the true formation of an American melting pot rather than strict ethnocism. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Indoamer.wps

Influence of Gender/Ethnography
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A 6 page essay that contrasts and compares Nisa (1981) by Marjorie Shostak and In an Antique Land (1992) by Amitav Ghosh. Ethnography constitutes an area of research that reaches into the most intimate details of personal life, as researchers seek to understand a particular culture, from the inside out. Due to the gendered nature of culture in most societies, this necessarily means that the male ethnographers have an easier time establishing rapport with men and, likewise, the female researcher finds it easier to learn about a culture from talking with women. The gender of the ethnographer has a direct influence on the manner in which research is conducted. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khinfeth.rtf

Institutionalised Social Inequality
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This 4 page paper looks at the shift to institutionalised social inequality in prehistory and the way this occurred along with the changes that were associated with it; including increasingly complex social systems, population density and access to resources and the different styles of leadership. The bibliography cites 19 sources.
Filename: TEinehistr.rtf

INTERCONECTEDNESS OF THE WORLD’S CULTURES
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This 5 page semiotics paper discusses early Europe and the interconnectedness of cultures despite the lack of communication and access to one another. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBsemconet.rtf

Interpretive Anthropology: A Non-Scientific Mode of Inquiry
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A 4 page overview of interpretive anthropology. Using the work of Clifford Geertz as an example, the author emphasizes the importance of interpretive anthropology while contrasting it with more quantitative approaches. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPanthGz.rtf

Interview With an Old Woman in New York
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This 10 page paper provides a fictitious interview with a 75 year old woman who grew up in New York during the twenties. Her personal history relates to historical events in the city including the Triangle Factory fire and the Great Depression. The paper spans close to a century as the writer reflects on the interview conducted in 1979. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Nylady.wps

Interview, Moroccan Immigrant
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A 3 page essay/research paper that offers a cultural exploration of a Moroccan woman, Sada, who immigrated to the US at the age of seventeen. The writer discusses what was learned from this informant and what questions remain unanswered. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: khinsada.rtf

Into the Heart / A Book Review
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A 3 page analytical reaction to Kenneth Good's book entitled "Into the Heart." The text is about Good's voyage to Venezuela where he studied the ways of the Yanomama tribe;-- a Stone Age group known as the "fierce people" whose customs are nothing short of surprising. No Bibliography.
Filename: Intohart.wps

Is Cultural Anthropology a Science?: An Address of the Interrelationship of the Qualitative verses the Quantitative Approach
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A 5 page paper addressing the question of the nature of cultural anthropology. The author utilizes the case study presented in Anne Fadiman's ethnography "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" to illustrate the differences in approach typically entailed by mainstream medicine and tradition. The emphasis that cultural anthropology, and indeed medicine, must be both inductive and deductive, both quantitative and qualitative, is presented. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPanthSc.rtf

Is Facial Communication Universal?
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A 10 page discussion of facial expression. Utilizes the research in the field to explore the question of whether or not certain facial expressions are universal in their meaning, e.g. that they have the same meaning regardless of the cultural context. Contrasts the view that facial expression are solely cultural manifestations and thus vary in meaning according to culture and the view that these expressions are biological in their basis and thus have the same meaning regardless of the cultural context. Concludes that while some expressions are universal in their meaning, facial expression is dependent not only on biology but also on culture and on minute-specific details of an encounter. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPcomFac.wps